The United States, alongside Saudi Arabia and Switzerland, has called for a ceasefire between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF).
The conflict, which erupted in April 2023 due to disagreements over force integration during a political transition, has led to a severe humanitarian crisis.
Nearly 25 million people are in need of assistance, and around 10 million have been displaced from their homes.
The recent peace talks in Switzerland, which began on August 14, 2024, aim to establish a ceasefire, ensure humanitarian access, and protect civilians.
However, the process faces numerous challenges. One major issue is the fear among conflict parties that a ceasefire might lead to a political process involving civilians, potentially prompting calls for accountability and justice for atrocities committed.
This concern is heightened by the potential loss of political power and economic interests for the armed parties if a transition to a civilian government occurs.
"The success of these talks will depend on the commitment of both the SAF and the RSF to negotiate in good faith," said Elhadi Abdalla, a Sudanese international development professional and activist.
"Failing to involve marginalized groups and civil society organizations in the dialogue could end up sparking conflict in the near future."
Previous ceasefire attempts, including those mediated in Jeddah by the US and Saudi Arabia, failed due to non-compliance and continued hostilities by both parties.
The lack of comprehensive vision and adequate preparation for follow-up and monitoring mechanisms also contributed to these failures.
Adding to the complexity is the contentious role of the UAE, perceived as a supporter of the RSF.
The RSF has been accused of exacerbating ethnic conflict in Sudan through targeted killings, village destruction, sexual violence, and forced displacement against non-Arab ethnic groups.
These actions have deepened ethnic divisions and hindered peace efforts. Ethiopia's dual role as a mediator and regional stakeholder further complicates matters. Ethiopia's proximity and historical ties to Sudan make it deeply invested in the conflict's outcome, especially concerning border security and the Nile River.
Despite these challenges, there are reasons for cautious optimism.
The involvement of major international players like the US and Saudi Arabia, who have significant influence in the region, could provide the necessary diplomatic pressure to drive the parties towards a resolution.
However, the complexity of the ceasefire agreement and the need for comprehensive implementation, monitoring, and the inclusion of various civil forces remain substantial hurdles.
"The peace process in Sudan stands at a critical crossroads," Abdalla emphasized. "The success of the ceasefire talks will depend on addressing deep-seated mistrust, ensuring justice and accountability, and involving marginalized groups in the political dialogue."
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